Definition

Arnold-Chiari syndrome is a series of nervous system symptoms. The symptoms can be different for each person but may include dizziness, paralysis of limbs, numbness, headaches, and problems with balance or coordination.

This condition is often present at birth but can also develop later in life. Some people with very mild forms of this syndrome may never know they have the condition. For others it can be more severe. These severe forms will need treatment.

Causes

Arnold-Chiari syndrome is caused by a problem in the back of the skull. The skull should have an indented space in the back of you head. The rear lower part of the brain and the brainstem sit in this space. In some people this indented skull space does not develop well. This is called Chiari malformation. The space inside the skull is too small for the brain. As a result the brain and brainstem are pushed downward. This position can block the flow of fluid to the brain and spine.

The problem with the skull develops before birth. It is not clear why it happens. In some cases, it is accompanied by a myelomeningocele, which is a form of spina bifida .

Brain Stem and Lower Brain

GM00010_97870_brainstem.jpg

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Risk Factors

There are no confirmed risk factors for Chiari Malformation. There may be a genetic connection in some families.

Symptoms

People with Arnold-Chiari syndrome may also have:

    
  • Spina bifida
  • Hydrocephalus

    • Symptoms in infants may include:

        
  • Vomiting
  • Mental impairment
  • Weakness
  • Paralysis of the limbs

    • Symptoms in adolescents are usually milder and may include:

        
  • Dizziness
  • Fainting
  • Weakness of the legs
  • Headaches
  • Double vision
  • Deafness
  • Swelling of the optic nerve region
  • Rapid eye movement
  • Lack of muscular coordination
  • Uncontrolled shaking or trembling
  • Walking problems
  • Numbness or tingling in the extremities

    • Diagnosis

    Your doctor will ask about symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your doctor may also need detailed images of the brain and skull. The pictures may be taken with:

        
  • MRI
  • CT scan

    • Special studies may also be done to evaluate the flow of fluid around your brain and spinal cord.

    Treatment

    Treatment will be based on individual symptoms. For example:

        
  • Physical or occupational therapy can help improve muscular coordination and trembling. Braces or a wheelchair may be needed.
  • Speech therapy for speech or swallowing problems.
  • Medication to help manage headaches.

    • The malformation may also block the flow of fluid in the brain and spine. Surgery may be needed to correct the flow of fluid.

    Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan.

    Prevention

    There is no known way to prevent Arnold-Chiari syndrome. Genetic counseling may help parents of a child with this condition to determine the risk in future children.