Definition

Peritonitis is an inflammation or infection of the peritoneum. The peritoneum is a thin tissue lining that covers the inside of the abdominal cavity. It also covers the outside of the intestines and other abdominal organs.

There are several types:

    
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Peritoneal dialysis-related

    • Peritonitis is a serious condition. It requires immediate treatment. If not promptly treated, it can be fatal.

    Causes

        
  • Primary peritonitis—occurs when there is a buildup of fluid in the abdomen. This is called ascites. It is caused by chronic liver disease, among other conditions.
  • Secondary peritonitis—caused by bacteria that enter the abdominal cavity. Can be due to an injury or a condition, such as a ruptured appendix.
  • Dialysis-related peritonitis—caused by bacteria that enter the peritoneal cavity during or after peritoneal dialysis (a treatment for kidney disease).

    • Secondary Peritonitis

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    Risk Factors

    A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors for peritonitis include:

        
  • Abdominal penetration or trauma
  • Immune compromise
  • Blood in the abdomen
  • Ruptured appendix
  • Peptic ulcer
  • Colitis
  • Diverticulitis
  • Gangrene of the bowel
  • Pancreatitis
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Inflamed gallbladder
  • Recent surgery
  • Tubes or shunts in the abdomen
  • Cortisone drugs

    • Symptoms

    Symptoms may include:

        
  • Severe pain or tenderness in the abdomen
  • Pain in the abdomen that is worse with motion
  • Bloating of the abdomen
  • Constipation
  • Fever
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Weakness or dizziness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Rapid pulse or breathing rate
  • Dehydration—signs include dry skin and lips, decreased urine production

    • Diagnosis

    The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Tests may include:

        
  • Blood tests
  • Analysis of fluids from the peritoneum
  • Abdominal x-rays—to look for signs of inflammation
  • Laparotomy—surgery to open and examine the abdomen

    • Treatment

    Treatment depends on the cause. It may include:

        
  • Surgery to repair openings in the skin surface or to remove damaged tissue
  • Antibiotics to treat infection
  • Replacement of fluids

    • If you are diagnosed with peritonitis, follow your doctor's instructions.

    Prevention

    There are no guidelines for preventing peritonitis.